@article { ISI:000244158100004,
	title = {Genomic and proteomic expression analysis of Leishmania promastigote and amastigote life stages: The Leishmania genome is constitutively expressed},
	journal = {MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY},
	volume = {152},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {35-46},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	type = {Article},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {Leishinania are protozoan parasites that cause a wide spectrum of clinical diseases in humans and area major public health risk in several countries. Leishmania life cycle consists of an extracellular flagellated promastigote stage within the midgut of a sandfly vector, and a morphological distinct intracellular amastigote stage within macrophages of a mammalian host. This study reports the use of DNA oligonucleotide genome microarrays representing 8160 genes to analyze the mRNA expression profiles of L. major promastigotes and lesion derived amastigotes. Over 94\% of the genes were expressed in both life stages. Advanced statistical analysis identified a surprisingly low degree of differential mRNA expression: 1.4\% of the total genes in amastigotes and 1.5\% in promastigotes. These microarray results demonstrate that the L. major genome is essentially constitutively expressed in both life stages and suggest that Leishmania is constitutively adapted for survival and replication in either the sandfly vector or macrophage host utilizing an appropriate set of genes for each vastly different environment. Quantitative proteomics, using the isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) technology and mass spectrometry, was used to identify L. infantum promastigote and axenic amastigote differentially expressed proteins. Of the 91 distinct proteins identified, 8\% were differentially expressed in the amastigote stage, 20\% were differentially expressed in the promastigote stage, and the remaining 72\% were considered constitutively expressed. The differential expression was validated by the identification of previously reported stage specific proteins and identified several amastigote and promastigote novel stage specific proteins. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {DNA genome microarrays, ICAT, Leishmania, quantitative proteornics},
	issn = {0166-6851},
	doi = {10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.11.009},
	author = {Leifso, Kirk and Cohen-Freue, Gabriela and Dogra, Nisha and Murray, Angus and McMaster, W. Robert}
}
@article { ISI:000248879100004,
	title = {Global gene expression in Leishmania},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY},
	volume = {37},
	number = {10},
	year = {2007},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {1077-1086},
	publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	type = {Review},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {The completion of the genomic sequences of many protozoan pathogens of humans, including species of Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, provide new approaches to study the pattern of gene expression during differentiation and development. Leishmania are a major public health risk in many countries and cause a wide spectrum of clinical disease referred to as leishmaniasis. The Leishmania life cycle consists of two morphologically distinct stages: intracellular amastigotes that reside in the phagolysosome of mammalian macrophages, and extracellular promastigotes that reside within the gut of the sandfly vector. DNA microarray analysis is a powerful method to study global gene expression in terms of quantitation of mRNA levels. This review discusses the application of DNA microarray technology to study the pattern of global gene expression of Leishmania promastigote and amastigote life stages. Results from several studies show that, overall, there is a surprisingly low level of differentially expressed genes, ranging from 0.2\% to 5\% of total genes, between the amastigote and promastigote life stages. Thus, the Leishmania genome can be considered to be constitutively expressed with a limited number of genes showing stage-specific expression. Comparative genomic analyses of gene expression levels between Leishmania major and Leishmania mexicana show that the majority of differentially expressed genes between amastigotes and promastigotes are species specific with relatively few differentially expressed genes in common between these two Leishmania species. Quantitative proteomic analysis of Leishmania relative protein expression shows there is a weak correlation to gene expression. Therefore, Leishmania protein expression levels are likely regulated at the level of translation or by post transcriptional mechanisms, and differential protein modifications may be more important in development than the regulation of gene expression. (c) 2007 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {comparative genomics, differential gene expression, DNA genome microarrays, Leishmania, quantitative proteomic expression analysis},
	issn = {0020-7519},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.011},
	author = {Cohen-Freue, Gabriela and Holzer, Timothy R. and Forney, James D. and McMaster, W. Robert}
}
